🌍
Gravitational Force
Attracts all objects with mass. Weakest but infinite range — controls planets, stars, galaxies.
F = G·m₁·m₂ / r²
⚡
Electromagnetic Force
Acts between charged particles. Holds atoms together, powers electronics, produces light.
F = k·q₁·q₂ / r²
💪
Strong Nuclear Force
Strongest force — holds protons & neutrons together inside the nucleus. Short range (~10⁻¹⁵ m).
Mediated by gluons
☢️
Weak Nuclear Force
Responsible for radioactive decay and nuclear fusion in stars. Essential for stellar energy.
W and Z bosons
| Force | Relative Strength | Range | Carrier Particle |
|---|---|---|---|
| Strong Nuclear | 1 (reference) | ~10⁻¹⁵ m | Gluon |
| Electromagnetic | ~1/137 | Infinite | Photon |
| Weak Nuclear | ~10⁻⁶ | ~10⁻¹⁸ m | W/Z bosons |
| Gravitational | ~6×10⁻³⁹ | Infinite | Graviton (theoretical) |